Balochi language

Balochi
بلوچی balojî Balójí
Balochi in Perso-Arabic script (Nastaʿlīq style)
Native to	Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan
Ethnicity	predominantly Baloch, some Brahui
Native speakers	7.6 million  (2007)[1]
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Western Iranian Northwestern II Balochi
Dialects	Koroshi
Official status
Official language in	Balochistan Province of Pakistan (provincial); Balochistan Province of Iran (provincial)
Regulated by	Balochi Academy (Pakistan)
Language codes
ISO 639-2	bal
ISO 639-3	bal – inclusive code Individual codes: bgp – Eastern Balochi bgn – Western Balochi bcc – Southern Balochi ktl – Koroshi
Glottolog	balo1260[2]
Linguasphere	58-AAB-a > 58-AAB-aa (East Balochi) + 58-AAB-ab (West Balochi) + 58-AAB-ac (South Balochi) + 58-AAB-ad (Bashkardi)
Geographic distribution of Balochi and other Iranian languages

Balochi is a Northwestern Iranian language.^[3] It is the principal language of the Baloch people. It is also spoken as a second language by most Brahui. Balochi is categorized as one of the Northwestern Iranian languages along with Kurdish.

History

Balochi is closely related to other Northwestern Iranian languages such as Kurdish.

Phonology

Vowels

The Balochi vowel system has at least eight vowels: five long vowels and three short vowels.^[4] The long vowels are /aː/, /eː/, /iː/, /oː/, and /uː/. The short vowels are /a/, /i/ and /u/. The short vowels have more centralized phonetic qualities than the long vowels.

Southern Balochi (at least as spoken in Karachi) also has nasalized vowels, most importantly /ẽː/ and /ãː/.^[5]

Consonants

The following consonants are common to both Western Balochi and Southern Balochi.^[6] The place of articulation of the consonants /s/, /z/, /n/, /ɾ/ and /l/ is claimed to be alveolar in Western Balochi, while at least the /ɾ/ is claimed to be dental in Southern Balochi. The stops /t/ and /d/ are claimed to be dental in both dialects.

Notes

In addition, /f/ is listed for Southern Balochi, but is found in few words. /x/ (voiceless velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to /χ/ (voiceless uvular fricative) in Western Balochi; and /ɣ/ (voiced velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to /ʁ/ (voiced uvular fricative) in Western Balochi.

Grammar

The normal word order is subject–object–verb. Like many other Indo-Iranian languages, Balochi has split ergativity. In the present tense or future tense, the subject is marked as nominative, and the object is marked as accusative. In the past tense, however, the subject of a transitive verb is marked as oblique, and the verb agrees with the object.^[7]

Dialects

There are two main dialects among the Balochi language, one with the Legharis or northern tribes and the other with the Mazaris or southern tribes.^[8] The differences among the Mazaris dialect from that among the Maris, the Bugtis, the Shambanis, the Kacchi Plains people and those of the Bolan Pass are slight and as such are said to all be the same.^[8] The grammatical terminations by the northern tribes are less full and distinct than those in in the southern tribes.^[8]

Writing system

Before the 19th century, Balochi was an unwritten language.^[9] The official written language was Persian,^[9] although Balochi was still spoken at the Baloch courts. British linguists and political historians wrote from with the Latin script, but following the independence of Pakistan, Baloch scholars adopted Urdu Arabic script. The first collection of poetry in Balochi, Gulbang by Mir Gul Khan Nasir was published in 1951 and incorporated the Urdu Arabic Script. But it was much later that Sayad Zahurshah Hashemi wrote a comprehensive guidance on the usage of Urdu Arabic script and standardized it as the Balochi Orthography in Pakistan. This earned Sayad Hashemi the title of 'the Father of Balochi'. Sayad's guidances are widely used in Eastern and Western Balochistan. In Afghanistan, however, Balochi is written in a modified Arabic script based on what is used for Farsi.

Dr. Ghulam Qasim Mujahid Baloch Ph.D: 'Balochi orthography'

ا آ ب بھ ݒ پ پھ ت تھ ٹ ٹھ ث ج جھ ݘ چ چھ ح خ د دھ ڈ ڈھ ڋ ذ ڌ ڌھ ر ڑ ڑھ ز ژ س ش ص ض ط طھ ظ ع غ ف ق قھ ک کھ گ گھ ڱ ڳ ل لھ م مھ ن نھ ں ڹ و وھ ہ ھ ء ی ے ﻳﮭ ~٠ This orthography of Balochi script has been introduced in his Balochi pamphlet "Balochi Nama Qasim" published in 1987. The same alphabets have been published in his article "Balochki Mundh Likh" in monthly Balochi Nama, Dera Ghazi Khan, August-September 1991, Vol. 1, issue 1, Pp. 24.^[10]

The Sayad Zahurshah Hashemi 'Urdu Arabic orthography'

ا آ ب پ ت ٹ ج چ د ڈ ر ڑ ز ژ س ش ک گ ل م ن و ھ ء ی ے

Balochi Latin alphabet

The following Latin-based alphabet was adopted by the International Workshop on "Balochi Roman Orthography" (University of Uppsala, Sweden, May 28–30, 2000).

Alphabetical order:

a á b c d ď e f g ĝ h i í j k l m n o p q r ř s š t ť u ú v w x y z ž ay aw (33 letters and 2 digraphs)

References

Further reading

Phonology

Grammar

External links

• Collett, N. A. A grammar, phrase book and vocabulary of Baluchi: (as spoken in the Sultanate of Oman). 2nd ed. [Camberley]: [N.A. Collett], 1986.
• Dames, Mansel Longworth. A sketch of the northern Balochi language, containing a grammar, vocabulary and specimens of the language. Calcutta: Asiatic Society, 1881.
• Mumtaz Ahmad. Baluchi glossary: a Baluchi-English glossary: elementary level. Kensington, Md.: Dunwoody Press, 1985.
• EuroBalúči online translation tool – translate Balochi words to or from English, Persian, Spanish, Finnish and Swedish
• iJunoon English to Balochi Dictionary
• UCLA Language Materials Project: Baluchi – a general overview of Balochi with societal context and history of the language
• Balochi language – a website about the language
• EuroBalúči – Baluchi alphabet, grammar and music
•