Candoshi-Shapra language

Candoshi
Shapra
Native to	Perú
Ethnicity	3,000 (2007)^[1]
Native speakers	1,100 (2007)^[1]
Language family	Candoshi–Chirino?
Dialects	Kandoashi Chapara
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`cbu`
Glottolog	`cand1248`^[2]

Candoshi-Shapra (also known as: Candoshi, Candoxi, Kandoshi, and Murato) is an indigenous American language isolate spoken by several thousand people in western South America along the Chapuli, Huitoyacu, Pastaza, and Morona river valleys. There are two dialects, Chapara (also spelled Shapra) and Kandoashi. This language is an official language of Perú as are all native languages in the areas where they are spoken and are the predominant language in use. Their people are prideful in their language and seems to be prospering, 88.5 percent of people are bilingual with Spanish. There is 10 to 30 percent literacy and 15 to 25 percent in Second language Spanish. There is a Candoshi-Shapra dictionary and grammar rules have been developed.

Classification

Candoshi is not closely related to any living language. It may be related to the extinct and poorly attested language Chirino. Four words of Chirino are mentioned in Relación de la tierra de Jaén (1586), and they resemble words in modern Candoshi. A somewhat longer list of words is given in the same document for Rabona across the modern border in Ecuador; these include some names of plants which resemble Candoshi, though such things can easily be borrowed.

Among modern languages, Loukotka (1968), followed by Tovar (1984), connected Candoshi with Taushiro (Pinche). Kaufman (1994) tentatively proposed a Kandoshi–Omurano–Taushiro language family, with Candoshi the more distant of the trio. However, Kaufman (2007) placed Omurano and Taushiro, but not Candoshi, in Saparo–Yawan.

David Payne (1981) proposes that Candoshi is related to Jivaroan, which Payne calls Shuar. Together, Shuar and Candoshi make up a putative Shuar-Candoshi family, for which Payne (1981) provides a tentative reconstruction of Proto-Shuar-Candoshi.

References

-- Module:Hatnote -- -- -- -- This module produces hatnote links and links to related articles. It -- -- implements the and meta-templates and includes -- -- helper functions for other Lua hatnote modules. --

local libraryUtil = require('libraryUtil') local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType local mArguments -- lazily initialise Module:Arguments local yesno -- lazily initialise Module:Yesno

local p = {}

-- Helper functions

local function getArgs(frame) -- Fetches the arguments from the parent frame. Whitespace is trimmed and -- blanks are removed. mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') return mArguments.getArgs(frame, {parentOnly = true}) end

local function removeInitialColon(s) -- Removes the initial colon from a string, if present. return s:match('^:?(.*)') end

function p.findNamespaceId(link, removeColon) -- Finds the namespace id (namespace number) of a link or a pagename. This -- function will not work if the link is enclosed in double brackets. Colons -- are trimmed from the start of the link by default. To skip colon -- trimming, set the removeColon parameter to true. checkType('findNamespaceId', 1, link, 'string') checkType('findNamespaceId', 2, removeColon, 'boolean', true) if removeColon ~= false then link = removeInitialColon(link) end local namespace = link:match('^(.-):') if namespace then local nsTable = mw.site.namespaces[namespace] if nsTable then return nsTable.id end end return 0 end

function p.formatPages(...) -- Formats a list of pages using formatLink and returns it as an array. Nil -- values are not allowed. local pages = {...} local ret = {} for i, page in ipairs(pages) do ret[i] = p._formatLink(page) end return ret end

function p.formatPageTables(...) -- Takes a list of page/display tables and returns it as a list of -- formatted links. Nil values are not allowed. local pages = {...} local links = {} for i, t in ipairs(pages) do checkType('formatPageTables', i, t, 'table') local link = t[1] local display = t[2] links[i] = p._formatLink(link, display) end return links end

function p.makeWikitextError(msg, helpLink, addTrackingCategory) -- Formats an error message to be returned to wikitext. If -- addTrackingCategory is not false after being returned from -- Module:Yesno, and if we are not on a talk page, a tracking category -- is added. checkType('makeWikitextError', 1, msg, 'string') checkType('makeWikitextError', 2, helpLink, 'string', true) yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() -- Make the help link text. local helpText if helpLink then helpText = ' (help)' else helpText = end -- Make the category text. local category if not title.isTalkPage and yesno(addTrackingCategory) ~= false then category = 'Hatnote templates with errors' category = string.format( '%s:%s', mw.site.namespaces[14].name, category ) else category = end return string.format( '%s', msg, helpText, category ) end

-- Format link -- -- Makes a wikilink from the given link and display values. Links are escaped -- with colons if necessary, and links to sections are detected and displayed -- with " § " as a separator rather than the standard MediaWiki "#". Used in -- the template.

function p.formatLink(frame) local args = getArgs(frame) local link = args[1] local display = args[2] if not link then return p.makeWikitextError( 'no link specified', 'Template:Format hatnote link#Errors', args.category ) end return p._formatLink(link, display) end

function p._formatLink(link, display) -- Find whether we need to use the colon trick or not. We need to use the -- colon trick for categories and files, as otherwise category links -- categorise the page and file links display the file. checkType('_formatLink', 1, link, 'string') checkType('_formatLink', 2, display, 'string', true) link = removeInitialColon(link) local namespace = p.findNamespaceId(link, false) local colon if namespace == 6 or namespace == 14 then colon = ':' else colon = end -- Find whether a faux display value has been added with the | magic -- word. if not display then local prePipe, postPipe = link:match('^(.-)|(.*)$') link = prePipe or link display = postPipe end -- Find the display value. if not display then local page, section = link:match('^(.-)#(.*)$') if page then display = page .. ' § ' .. section end end -- Assemble the link. if display then return string.format('%s', colon, link, display) else return string.format('%s%s', colon, link) end end

-- Hatnote -- -- Produces standard hatnote text. Implements the template.

function p.hatnote(frame) local args = getArgs(frame) local s = args[1] local options = {} if not s then return p.makeWikitextError( 'no text specified', 'Template:Hatnote#Errors', args.category ) end options.extraclasses = args.extraclasses options.selfref = args.selfref return p._hatnote(s, options) end

function p._hatnote(s, options) checkType('_hatnote', 1, s, 'string') checkType('_hatnote', 2, options, 'table', true) local classes = {'hatnote'} local extraclasses = options.extraclasses local selfref = options.selfref if type(extraclasses) == 'string' then classes[#classes + 1] = extraclasses end if selfref then classes[#classes + 1] = 'selfref' end return string.format( '

', table.concat(classes, ' '), s )

end

return p-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Module:Hatnote -- -- -- -- This module produces hatnote links and links to related articles. It -- -- implements the and meta-templates and includes -- -- helper functions for other Lua hatnote modules. --

local libraryUtil = require('libraryUtil') local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType local mArguments -- lazily initialise Module:Arguments local yesno -- lazily initialise Module:Yesno

local p = {}

-- Helper functions

local function removeInitialColon(s) -- Removes the initial colon from a string, if present. return s:match('^:?(.*)') end

-- Hatnote -- -- Produces standard hatnote text. Implements the template.

', table.concat(classes, ' '), s )

end

return p

^ ^a ^b Candoshi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
^

Alain Fabre. 2005. Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: CANDOSHI[1]
Payne, David Lawrence. 1981. "Bosquejo fonológico del Proto-Shuar-Candoshi: evidencias para una relación genética." Revista del Museo Nacional 45. 323-377.

Languages of Peru

Official languages	Spanish Quechua Aymara

Indigenous languages	Aguaruna Amarakaeri Amawaka Ancash Quechua Arabela Asháninka Ashéninga Axininca Ayacucho Quechua Bora Cajamarca Quechua Candoshi-Shapra Caquinte Chachapoyas Quechua Chamicuro Chayahuita Cocama Cusco Quechua Ese Ejja Huachipaeri Huallaga Quechua Huambisa Huánuco Quechua Iñapari Iskonawa Jaqaru Jebero Kashibo Kashinawa Kichwa Kulina Lamas Quechua Lambayeque Quechua Lowland Peruvian Quechua Machiguenga Mashco Piro Matsés Minica Huitoto Murui Huitoto Nanti Nomatsiguenga North Bolivian Quechua Nüpode Huitoto Ocaina Omagua Pacaraos Quechua Pisabo Puno Quechua Shipibo Shiwiar Southern Quechua Ticuna Wanka Quechua Yaminawa Yanesha' Yaru Quechua Yauyos–Chincha Quechua Yine

Sign languages	Peruvian Sign Language

Arawakan (Maipurean) languages

Northern

Caribbean

Palikuran

Wapishanan

Upper Amazon

Western Nawiki	Achawa Amarizana Anauyá Cabiyari (?) Cabre (?) Guarú Kawishana Mandawaca Mariaté Pasé Piapoco Resígaro (?) Warekena Waraikú (?) Wainumá Wiriná (?) Yabaâna (?) Yucuna Yumana

Eastern Nawiki	Baniwa Kurripako Tariana

Central Upper Amazon	Baré Baniwa of Guainia Guinao Maipure Marawá Yavitero

Manao	Kariaí Manao Shiriana (?)

Southern

Western	Chamicuro Yanesha'

Central Maipurean	Agavotaguerra (?) Custenau Paresí Saraveca Waura–Mehináku Yawalapití

Piro	Apurinã Iñapari Mashco Piro Piro Kanamaré

Bolivia–Parana	Baure Chané Enawené-Nawé (?) Lapachu Moxos Pauna Terêna

Campa	Asháninka Ashéninga Axininca Caquinte Machiguenga Nomatsiguenga Pucapucari

Unclassified

Macro-Arawakan

Candoshi-Shapra language