World Library  
  
Flag as Inappropriate
Email this Article

Fascism in Asia

Article Id: WHEBN0021850145
Reproduction Date:

Title: Fascism in Asia  
Author: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Language: English
Subject: Fascism, Revisionist Maximalism, Fascism in Africa, Fascism in South America, Fascism in North America
Collection: Fascism, Politics of Asia
Publisher: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Publication
Date:
 

Fascism in Asia

Fascism in Asia refers to political ideologies in Asia that adhered to fascist policies, which gained popularity in many countries in Asia during the 1930s.[1]

Contents

  • West Asia 1
    • Iran 1.1
    • Israel 1.2
      • Revisionist Maximalism 1.2.1
    • Lebanon 1.3
  • East Asia 2
    • China 2.1
      • Kai-tsu p'ai faction of the Kuomintang 2.1.1
    • Japan 2.2
      • Taisei Yokusankai 2.2.1
      • Tohokai 2.2.2
      • National Socialist Workers' Party 2.2.3
  • See also 3
  • References 4

West Asia

Iran

Fascism in SUMKA (Hezb-e Sosialist-e Melli-ye Kargaran-e Iran or the Iran National-Socialist Workers Group), a neo-Nazi party founded by Davud Monshizadeh in 1952. SUMKA copied not only the ideology of the Nazi Party but also that group's style, adopting the swastika, black shirt and Hitler salute while Monshizadeh even sought to cultivate an appearance similar to that of Adolf Hitler.[2] The group became associated with opposition to Mohammad Mosaddegh and the Tudeh Party while supporting the Shah and were ultimately absorbed into the 'Arya' movement of Hasan Arfa, a group that, while maintaining some Nazi ideals, was of a more basic militaristic bent than SUMKA.[2]

Israel

Revisionist Maximalism

The Revisionist Maximalist movement formed by Abba Achimeir in 1930 as a right-wing fascist faction within the Zionist Revisionist Movement (ZRM). Achimeir was a self-described fascist who wrote a series of articles in 1928 titled "From the Diary of a Fascist".[3] Achimeir rejected humanism, liberalism, and socialism; condemned liberal Zionists for only working for middle-class Jews; and stated the need for an integralist, "pure nationalism" similar to that in Italy under Mussolini.[3][4] Achemeir refused to be part of reformist Zionist coalitions and insisted that he would only support revolutionary Zionists who were willing to utilize violence.[5] Anti-Jewish violence in 1929 in the British Mandate of Palestine resulted in a rise in support for Revisionist Maximalists and leading Achimeir to decry British rule, claiming that the English people were declining while the Jewish people were ready to flourish, saying:

We fought the Egyptian Pharaoh, the Roman emperors, the Spanish Inquisition, the Russian tsars. They 'defeated' us. But where are they today? Can we not cope with a few despicable muftis or sheiks?... For us, the forefathers, the prophets, the zealots were not mythological concepts...." Abba Achimeir.[6]

In 1930, Achimeir and the Revisionist-Maximalists became the largest faction within the ZRM and called for closer relations with Fascist Italy and the Italian people, based on Achemier's claim that Italians were deemed the least anti-Semitic people in the world.[7]

In 1932, the Revisionist Maximalists pressed the ZRM to adopt their polices, titled the "Ten Commandments of Maximalism", made "in the spirit of complete fascism".[5] Moderate ZRM members refused to accept this and moderate ZRM member Yaacov Kahan pressured the Revisionist Maximalists to accept the democratic nature of the ZRM and not push for the party to adopt fascist dictatorial policies.[5]

In spite of the Revisionist Maximalists' opposition to the anti-Semitism of the Nazi Party, Achemeir was initially controversially supportive of the Nazi Party in early 1933, believing that the Nazis' rise to power was positive because it recognized that previous attempts by Germany to assimilate Jews had finally been proven to be a failure.[8] In March 1933, Achemeir wrote about the Nazi party, stating, "The anti-Semitic wrapping should be discarded but not its anti-Marxist core...."[5] Achemeir personally believed that the Nazis' anti-Semitism was just a nationalist ploy that did not have substance.[9]

After Achemeir supported the Nazis, other Zionists within the ZRM quickly condemned Achemeir and the Revisionist Maximalists for their support of Hitler.[10] Achemeir, in response to the outrage, in May 1933 reversed their position and opposed Nazi Germany and began to burn down German consolates and tear down Germany's flag.[10] However in 1933, Revisionist Maximalist' support quickly deteriorated and fell apart, they would not be reorganized until 1938, after Achemeir was replaced by a new leader.[10]

Lebanon

Within

  1. ^ Thomas David DuBois (25 April 2011), Religion and the Making of Modern East Asia, Cambridge University Press, pp. 176–,  
  2. ^ a b Hussein Fardust, The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty: Memoirs of Former General Hussein, p. 62
  3. ^ a b Kaplan, Eran (2005). The Jewish Radical Right. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 15.  
  4. ^ Larsen, Stein Ugelvik (ed.). Fascism Outside of Europe. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-88033-988-8. pp. 364-365.
  5. ^ a b c d Larsen, p. 377.
  6. ^ Larsen, p. 375.
  7. ^ Larsen, p. 376.
  8. ^ Larsen, p. 379.
  9. ^ Larsen, p. 381.
  10. ^ a b c Larsen, p. 380.
  11. ^ Simon, Reeva S. (1996). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East. Macmillan Reference USA.  
  12. ^ Ya’ari, Ehud (June 1987). "Behind the Terror". Atlantic Monthly. [The SSNP] greet their leaders with a Hitlerian salute; sing their Arabic anthem, "Greetings to You, Syria", to the strains of "Deutschland, Deutschland über alles"; and throng to the symbol of the red hurricane, a swastika in circular motion. 
  13. ^  
  14. ^ Rolland, John C. (2003). Lebanon. Nova Publishers.  
  15. ^ Johnson, Michael (2001). All Honourable Men. I.B.Tauris.  
  16. ^ Becker, Jillian (1984). The PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.  
  17. ^  
  18. ^ Reich, Bernard (1990). Political leaders of the contemporary Middle East and North Africa: a biographical dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 203–204 / 557.  
  19. ^ Entelis, John Pierre (1974). Pluralism and party transformation in Lebanon: Al-Kataʼib, 1936-1970. Social, economic, and political studies of the Middle East 10. Brill. pp. 45 / 227.  
  20. ^ Dongyoun Hwang. Wang Jingwei, The National Government, and the Problem of Collaboration. Ph.D. Dissertation, Duke University. UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor Michigain. 2000, 118.
  21. ^ Larsen, Stein Ugelvik (ed.). Fascism Outside of Europe. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-88033-988-8. p. 255.
  22. ^ a b c d e f Larsen, p. 255.

References

See also


The National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party is a small neo-nazi party classified as an uyoku dantai.

National Socialist Workers' Party

Tohokai was a Japanese Nazi party formed by Seigo Nakano.

Tohokai

The Taisei Yokusankai (大政翼賛会 Imperial Rule Assistance Association) was created by Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe on 12 October 1940 and evolved into a "militarist" political party, which aimed at removing the sectionalism in the politics and economics in the Empire of Japan to create a totalitarian single-party state, which would maximize efficiency of Japan’s total-war effort during World War II.

Taisei Yokusankai

Japan

Nazism in the late 1930s.[20][21] Wang Jingwei visited Germany in 1936, and changed his views towards fascism, speaking positively about European fascist states, saying, "Several advanced countries have already expanded their national vitality and augmented their people's strength, and are no longer afraid of foreign aggression."[22] Publicist T'iang Leang-Li of the People's Tribune newspaper associated with the Kai-tsu p'ai promoted the good nature of fascism in Europe while attempting to distance Kai-tsu p'ai from overtly negative aspects of fascism and wrote in 1937: "Whatever we may think about fascist and Nazi methods and policies, we must recognize the fact that their leaders have secured the enthuisiastic support of their respective nations."[22] T'iang Leang-Li claimed that the "foolish, unwise, and even cruel things" done in the fascist states had been done in a positive manner to bring about "tremendous change in the political outlook of the German and Italian people".[22] T'iang Leang-Li wrote articles that positively assessed the "socialist" character of Nazism. Similarly, Shih Shao-pei of the Kai-tsu p'ai rebuked Chinese critics of Nazism by saying "We in China [...] have heard too much about the 'national' and other flagwaving activities of the Nazis, and not enough about the 'socialist' work they are doing."[22] Shih Shao-pei wrote about reports of improved working conditions in German factories, the vacations given to employees by Kraft durch Freude, improved employer-employee relations, and the provision of public service work camps for the unemployed.[22] Other works made by the People's Tribune spoke positively about Nazism, saying that it was bringing the "integration of the working classes ... into the National Socialist state and the abolition of ... the evil elements of modern capitalism".[22]

Kai-tsu p'ai faction of the Kuomintang

China

East Asia

In 1936 the Kataeb Party was founded by Pierre Gemayel and this group also took its inspiration from the European fascists, also using the Hitler salute and a brown shirted uniform.[17] This group also espoused a strong sense of nationalism and a leadership cult but it did not support totalitarianism and so could not be characterised as fully fascist.[18][19] Both groups are still active although neither demonstrate the characteristics of fascism now.

[16]

This article was sourced from Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. World Heritage Encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, Open Access Publishing, and in compliance with The Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act (FASTR), Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., Public Library of Science, The Encyclopedia of Life, Open Book Publishers (OBP), PubMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, and USA.gov, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (.gov, .mil, .edu). Funding for USA.gov and content contributors is made possible from the U.S. Congress, E-Government Act of 2002.
 
Crowd sourced content that is contributed to World Heritage Encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles.
 
By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. World Heritage Encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the World Public Library Association, a non-profit organization.
 



Copyright © World Library Foundation. All rights reserved. eBooks from World eBook Library are sponsored by the World Library Foundation,
a 501c(4) Member's Support Non-Profit Organization, and is NOT affiliated with any governmental agency or department.