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Ahmad ibn 'Abdallah Habash Hasib Marwazi (796 - d. after 869 in Samarra, Iraq[1] ) was a Persian[2] astronomer,[3] geographer, and mathematician from Merv in Khorasan who described first time Trigonometric ratios: SIN, COS, TAN & COT.
He flourished in Baghdad, and died a centenarian after 869. He worked under the Abbasid caliphs al-Ma'mun and al-Mu'tasim.
He made observations from 825 to 835, and compiled three astronomical tables: the first were still in the Hindu manner; the second, called the 'tested" tables, were the most important; they are likely identical with the "Ma'munic" or "Arabic" tables and may be a collective work of al-Ma'mun's astronomers; the third, called tables of the Shah, were smaller.
Apropos of the solar eclipse of 829, Habash gives us the first instance of a determination of time by an altitude (in this case, of the sun); a method which was generally adopted by Muslim astronomers.
In 830, he seems to have introduced the notion of "shadow," umbra (versa), equivalent to our tangent in trigonometry, and he compiled a table of such shadows which seems to be the earliest of its kind. He also introduced the cotangent, and produced the first tables of for it.[4][5]
Al-Hasib conducted various observations at the Al-Shammisiyyah observatory in Baghdad and estimated a number of geographic and astronomical values. He compiled his results in The Book of Bodies and Distances, in which some of his results included the following:[6]
Logic, Quran, Metaphysics, Philosophy of science, Al-Biruni
Iran, Avicenna, Nishapur, Astronomy, Persian language
Brahmagupta, Calculus, Integral, Isaac Newton, Trigonometry
Iraq, Egypt, Iran, Syria, Lebanon
Nasa, Antarctica, Solar System, Evolution, Apollo program
Avicenna, Omar Khayyám, Indian mathematics, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Inertia
Avicenna, Omar Khayyám, Indian mathematics, Al-Biruni, Universe
Avicenna, Oclc, Omar Khayyám, Indian mathematics, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
Avicenna, Astronomy, Mathematics, Persian language, Physics
Avicenna, Persian language, Ptolemy, Shia Islam, Universe