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Poland, or at least its nucleus, was ruled at various times either by dukes (the 10th–14th century) or by kings (the 11th-18th century). The longest-reigning dynasties were the Piasts (ca. 960–1370) and Jagiellonians (1386–1572). Intervening and subsequent monarchs were often rulers of foreign countries or princes recruited from foreign dynasties.
During the latter period, a tradition of free election of monarchs made it a uniquely electable position in Europe (16th–18th centuries). Polish independence ended with the Third Partition of Poland (1795) and was restored at the end of World War I (1918) on a republican basis.
See: Poland in the Early Middle Ages
See also: Fragmentation of the realm and Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth
See also: History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648) and History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1648–1764) and History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1764–95)
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Polish language, Piast Dynasty, House of Vasa, House of Savoy, House of Bonaparte
Kraków, Warsaw, Polish language, Ukraine, Silesian Voivodeship
Polish language, House of Vasa, Kraków, Sweden, Warsaw
Kraków, Poland, France, Augustus II the Strong, Louis XV of France
Konrad I of Masovia, Henry II the Pious, Władysław III Spindleshanks, Bolesław I the Tall, Holy Roman Empire
World War II, Russian Empire, World War I, Kraków, Gdańsk
Kraków, Jagiellonian University, Louis I of Hungary, Capetian House of Anjou, Wawel Cathedral