List of philosophers (A–C)

A

• Nicola Abbagnano, (1901–1990)^[2]
• Muhammad Abduh, (1849–1905)^[4]
• Peter Abelard, (1079–1142)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Abhinavagupta (fl. c. 975 - 1025)^[4]
• Isaac ben Judah Abravanel, (1437–1508)^[1][4][5]
• Judah ben Isaac Abravanel, (1460?-1535?)^[1][4]
• Marilyn McCord Adams, (born 1943)^[3]
• Robert Adams, (born 1937)^[3]
• Joseph Addison, (1672–1719)^[2]
• Adelard of Bath, (12th century)^[1]
• Alfred Adler, (1870–1937)^[2]
• Theodor Adorno, (1903–1969)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Aenesidemus, (1st century BC)^[2][4]
• Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, (1839–1897)^[2][4]
• Rodolphus Agricola, (1443–1485)^[4]
• Agrippa the Sceptic, (1st/2nd century)^[2][4]
• Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, (1436–1535)^[2][4][5]
• Pierre d'Ailly, (1350–1420)^[1][2][4]
• Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, (1890–1963)^[3][4]
• Albert of Saxony (c. 1316-1390)^[1][2][4][5]
• Albertus Magnus (or Saint Albert the Great or Albert of Cologne), (1193?-1280)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Joseph Albo, (1380–1444)^[2][3][4][5]
• Alcinous, (2nd century)^[2][4]
• Alcmaeon of Croton, (5th century BC)^[2][3][4][5]
• Virgil Aldrich, (1903–1998)^[3]
• Yohanan ben Isaac Alemanno, (1433–1504)^[2][4]
• Alexander of Aphrodisias, (2nd century)^[1][2][4][5]
• Alexander of Hales, (d. 1245)^[1][2][4]
• Samuel Alexander, (1859–1938)^[1][2][3][4]
• Dante Alighieri, (1265–1321)^[2][3][4][5]
• Antonio Aliotta, (1881–1964)^[2]
• Archibald Alison, (1757–1839)^[2][4]
• Abd al-Jabiri, (born 1935)^[2]
• Abdullah al-Qasemi, (1907–1996)
• William Alston, (born 1921)^[1][2][3]
• Johannes Althusius, (1557–1638)^[2]
• Louis Althusser, (1918–1990)^[1][3][4][5]
• Robert Alyngton, (d. 1398)^[5]
• Bhimrao Ambedkar, (1891–1956)^[4]
• Ambrose, (c. 340-397)^[1]
• Abu'l Hasan Muhammad Ibn Yusuf al-'Amiri, (d. 992)^[4]
• Ammonius Hermiae, (5th century)^[4][5]
• Ammonius Saccas, (3rd century)^[1]
• André-Marie Ampère, (1775–1836)^[2]
• Anton Wilhelm Amo, (1703-c. 1759)^[4]
• Anaxagoras, (died 462 BC)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Anaxarchus, (fl. 340 BC)^[4]
• Anaximander, (c. 610 BC-c. 546 BC)^[1][2][3][4]
• Anaximenes of Miletus^[1][2][3][4]
• Alan Ross Anderson, (1925–1973)^[3]
• John Anderson, (1893–1962)^[2][3][4]
• Ando Shoeki, (1703–1762)^[2]
• Andronicus of Rhodes, (c. 70 BC)^[1]
• Peter Annet, (1693–1769)^[2]
• Anniceris, (fl. 300 BC)^[1]
• G. E. M. Anscombe, (1918–2001)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Anselm, (1034–1109)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Antiochus of Ascalon, (c. 130-68 BC)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Antiphon, (480-403 BC)^[2][4]
• Antisthenes, (c. 444-365)^[3][2][4]
• Karl-Otto Apel, (born 1922)^[2]
• Apuleius, (c. 123-c. 180)^[4]
• Thomas Aquinas, (1225–1274)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Isaac ben Moses Arama, (1420–1494)^[4]
• Arcesilaus, (316-241 BC)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Archytas, (428-347 BC)^[1][2][4][5]
• Roberto Ardigò, (1828–1920)^[2]
• Hannah Arendt, (1906–1975)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Aristippus of Cyrene, (c. 435-366 BC)^[2][3][4]
• Aristo of Chios, (fl. 250 BC)^[2][4]
• Aristotle, (384 BC-322 BC)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Arius, (256-336)^[2]
• Mohammed Arkoun, (born 1928)^[2]
• Jacobus Arminius, (1560–1609)^[1][2]
• David Malet Armstrong, (born 1926)^[1][2][3][4]
• Antoine Arnauld, (1612–1694)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Matthew Arnold, (1822–1888)^[2]
• Kenneth Arrow, (born 1921)^[3]
• Valentin Ferdinandovich Asmus, (1894–1975)^[4]
• Mary Astell, (1666–1731)^[1][2][4][5]
• Athanasius of Alexandria, (298-373)^[1]
• Augustine of Hippo, (354-430)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Marcus Aurelius, (121-180)^[1][2][3][4]
• Peter Aureol, (c. 1280-1322)^[2][4][5]
• Sri Aurobindo, (1872–1950)^[3][4]
• John Austin, (1790–1859)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• John Langshaw Austin, (1911–1960)^[1][2][3][4]
• Richard Avenarius, (1843–1896)^[1][2][3][4]
• Averroes (or Ibn Rushd), (1126–1198)^[1][2][3][4]
• Avicenna (or Ibn Sina), (980-1037)^[1][2][3][4]
• Alfred Jules Ayer, (1910–1989)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}

B

• Franz Xaver von Baader, (1765–1841)^[2]
• Charles Babbage, (1791–1871)^[1]
• Gaston Bachelard, (1884–1962)^[1][2][3][4]
• Johann Jakob Bachofen, (1815–1887)^[2]
• Francis Bacon, (1561–1626)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Roger Bacon, (1214–1294)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Alain Badiou, (born 1937) ^[1]
• Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi, (1080–1165)^[4]
• Annette Baier, (born 1929)^[3]
• Kurt Baier, (born 1917)^[3]
• Alexander Bain, (1818–1903)^[1][3]
• Karl Friedrich Bahrdt, (1741–1792)^[2]
• Lynne Rudder Baker, (born 1944)^[2]
• Mikhail Bakhtin, (1895–1975)^[1][2][3][4]
• Mikhail Bakunin, (1814–1876)^[1][2][3][4]
• Arthur Balfour, (1848–1930)^[2]
• John Balguy, (1686–1748)^[2]
• Domingo Báñez, (1528–1604)^[1][2][4]
• Antonio Banfi, (1886–1957)^[2]
• Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi, (1070–1136)^[4]
• Jonathan Barnes, (born 1942)^[3]
• Brian Barry, (1936–2009)^[3]
• Karl Barth, (1886–1968)^[2][3][4]
• Roland Barthes, (1915–1980)^[1][2][4]
• Bartolus de Saxoferrato, (1313–1357)^[4]
• Johann Bernhard Basedow, (1724–1790)^[2]
• Basilides, (c. 117-138)^[1]
• ^[4][2]]1[
• Charles Batteux, (1713–1780)^[2]
• Jean Baudrillard, (1929–2007) ^[2][4][5]
• Bruno Bauer, (1809–1882)^[2][3][4][5]
• David Baumgardt, (1890–1963)^[4]
• Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, (1714–1762)^[1][2][4]
• Pierre Bayle, (1647–1706)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Monroe Beardsley, (1915–1985)^[2]
• James Beattie, (1735–1803)^[1][2][4]
• Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria, (1738–1794)^[1][2]
• Jakob Sigismund Beck, (1761–1840)^[2][4]
• Vissarion Belinsky, (1811–1848)^[2][4]
• Robert Bellarmine, (1542–1621)^[2]
• Nuel Belnap, (born 1930)^[3]
• Friedrich Eduard Beneke, (1798–1854)^[1][2]
• Walter Benjamin, (1892–1940)^[2][3][4]
• Gottfried Benn, (1886–1956)^[2]
• Jonathan Bennett, (born 1930)^[2][3]
• Jeremy Bentham, (1748–1832)^[1][2][3][4]
• Richard Bentley, (1662–1742)^[4]
• Nikolai Berdyaev, (1874–1948)^[1][2][3][4]
• Gustav Bergmann, (1906–1987)^[1][2][3]
• Henri Bergson, (1859–1941)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• ^[5][4][3][2]]1[
• Isaiah Berlin, (1909–1997)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Claude Bernard, (1813–1878)^[2]
• Bernard of Chartres, (d. 1130)^[1][2]
• Bernard of Clairvaux, (1090–1153)^[1][2][4]
• Bernard Silvestris (or Bernard of Tours), (1147–1178)^[2][4]
• François Bernier, (1620–1688)^[4]
• Eduard Bernstein, (1850–1932)^[4]
• Ludwig von Bertalanffy, (1901–1972)^[2]
• Bhartrhari, (5th century)^[4]
• Gabriel Biel, (1425–1495)^[2][4]
• ]2[
• Alfred Binet, (1857–1911)^[2]
• Ludwig Binswanger, (1881–1966)^[2]
• Max Black, (1909–1988)^[2][3]
• Simon Blackburn, (born 1944)^[3]
• William Blackstone, (1723–1780)^[4]
• Hugh Blair, (1718–1800)^[4]
• William Blake, (1757–1827)^[2]
• Maurice Blanchot, (1907–2003)^[2][4]
• Brand Blanshard, (1892–1987)^[2][3]
• Blasius of Parma (or Biagio Pelacani da Parma), (1345–1416)^[4]
• Ernst Bloch, (1885–1977)^[1][2][3][4]
• Ned Block, (born 1942)^[3]
• Maurice Blondel, (1861–1949)^[1][2]
• Charles Blount, (1654–1693)^[2]
• Norberto Bobbio, (1909–2004)^[3][4]
• Jean Bodin, (1530–1596)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, (AD 480-524 or 525)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Boetius of Dacia, (c. 1240-c. 1280)^[2][4]
• Alexander Bogdanov, (1873–1928)^[3][4]
• Jakob Böhme, (1575–1624)^[1][2][4]
• David Bohm, (1917–1992)^[2]
• Niels Bohr, (1885–1962)^[2][3][4]
• Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux, (1636–1711)^[2]
• Samuel Bold, (1649–1737)^[4]
• Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, (1678–1751)^[2]
• Ludwig Boltzmann, (1844–1906)^[1][2][3]
• Bernard Bolzano, (1781–1848)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald, (1754–1840)^[2]
• Francesco Bonatelli, (1830–1911)^[2]
• Bonaventure, (1221–1274)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Dietrich Bonhoeffer, (1906–1945)^[2][4]
• Charles Bonnet, (1720–1793)^[2][4]
• ^[4][3]]2[
• Bernard Bosanquet, (1848–1923)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Rudjer Boscovich, (1711–1787)^[1][2]
• Pierre Bourdieu, (1930–2002)^[4]
• Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, (1627–1704)^[2]
• Christopher Jacob Boström, (1797–1866)^[2]
• Henri de Boulainvilliers, (1658–1722)^[2]
• Emile Boutroux, (1845–1921)^[4]
• Oets Kolk Bouwsma, (1898–1978)^[1]
• Borden Parker Bowne, (1847–1910)^[2][4]
• Robert Boyle, (1627–1691)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• F. H. Bradley, (1846–1924)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Thomas Bradwardine, (c. 1290-1349)^[2][4]
• Richard-Bevan Braithwaite, (1900–1990)^[2][3]
• Richard B. Brandt, (1910–1997)^[1][2][3]
• Franz Brentano, (1838–1917)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Percy Williams Bridgman, (1882–1961)^[2][3][4]
• Edgar S. Brightman, (1884–1953)^[2][3]
• Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, (1755–1826)^[3]
• Richard Brinkley, (fl. 1350-1373)^[4]
• Radulphus Brito, (c. 1270-c. 1320)^[4]
• C. D. Broad, (1887–1971)^[1][2][3][4]
• Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer, (1881–1966)^[1][2][3][5]
• Thomas Brown, (1778–1820)^[2][4]
• Peter Browne, (1666–1735)^[4]
• Orestes Brownson, (1803–1876)^[2][3]
• Emil Brunner, (1889–1966)^[2][4]
• Giordano Bruno, (1548–1600)^[1][2][3][4]
• Leon Brunschvicg, (1869–1944)^[1][2][3][4]
• James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, (1838–1922)^[4]
• Martin Buber, (1878–1965)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Justus Buchler, (1914–1991)^[3]
• Ludwig Büchner, (1824–1899)^[4]
• Henry Thomas Buckle, (1821–1862)^[2]
• Malcolm Budd, (born 1941)^[3]
• Johann Franz Buddeus, (1667–1729)^[2]
• Buddhaghosa, (5th century)^[1]
• Claude Buffier, (1661–1737)^[4]
• ^[4]]2[
• Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov, (1871–1944)^[2][4]
• Edward Bullough, (1880–1934)^[2]
• Rudolf Bultmann, (1884–1976)^[2][3][4]
• Jacob Burckhardt, (1818–1897)^[2][3]
• Tyler Burge, (born 1946)^[3]
• Jean Buridan, (1300–1358)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Edmund Burke, (1729–1797)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Walter Burley, (c. 1275-c. 1345)^[1][2][4][5]
• Myles Frederic Burnyeat, (born 1939)^[3]
• Richard Burthogge, (1638–1704)^[2][4]
• Joseph Butler, (1692–1752)^[1][2][3][4]
• Samuel Butler, (1835–1902)^[2][3]

C

• ^[4]]2[
• Amílcar Cabral, (1924–1973)^[4]
• Edward Caird, (1835–1908)^[1][2]
• Dorion Cairns, (1901–1973)^[2]
• Thomas Cajetan, (1469–1534)^[1][3][4]
• Calcidius, (4th century)^[4]
• Mario Calderoni, (1879–1914)^[2]
• Callicles, (late 5th century BC)^[4][5]
• John Calvin, (1509–1564)^[1][2][4]
• Tommaso Campanella, (1568–1639)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• ]4[
• Norman Robert Campbell, (1880–1949)^[1][2][4]
• Albert Camus, (1913–1960)^[1][2][3][4]
• ]1[
• ^[4][3][2]]1[
• Johannes Capreolus, (1380–1444)^[2][4]
• Claudia Card, (born 1940)^[2]
• Gerolamo Cardano, (1501–1576)^[4]
• Thomas Carlyle, (1795–1881)^[1][2][4]
• Gershom Carmichael, (c. 1672-1729)^[4]
• Rudolf Carnap, (1891–1970)^[1][2][3][4]
• Carneades, (c. 214-129 BC)^[2][3][4][5]
• Lewis Carroll, (1832–1898)^[1][2][3][4]
• Nancy Cartwright (born 1943)^[2][3]
• Carl Gustav Carus, (1789–1869)^[2]
• Paul Carus, (1852–1919)^[2]
• Antonio Caso, (1883–1946)^[2]
• Ernst Cassirer, (1874–1945)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Hector-Neri Castañeda, (1924–1991)^[1]
• Carlo Cattaneo, (1801–1869)^[2][4]
• Stanley Cavell, (born 1926)^[1][2][3][4]
• Margaret Cavendish, (1623–1673)^[1][2][4][5]
• Celsus of Alexandria, (2nd century)^[1][2][4]
• Michel de Certeau, (1925–1986)^[4]
• Pyotr Chaadaev, (1794–1856)^[2][4]
• Houston Stewart Chamberlain, (1855–1927)^[2]
• Chanakya (or Kautilya) (321-296 BC)^[4]
• Chang Hsueh-ch'eng (or Zhang Xuecheng), (1738–1801)^[1]
• Chang Tsai (or Zhang Zai), (1020–1077)^[4]
• William Ellery Channing, (1780–1842)^[2]
• Walter Charleton, (1619–1707)^[4]
• Pierre Charron, (1541–1603)^[1][2][4]
• François-René de Chateaubriand, (1768–1848)^[2]
• Walter Chatton, (1290–1343)^[2][4][5]
• Ch'en Hsien-chang, (1428–1500)^[1]
• Cheng Hao (or Ch'eng Ming-Tao), (1032–1085)^[1][2][4]
• Cheng Hsuan (or Zheng Xuan), (127-200)^[4]
• Cheng Yi (or Ch'eng Yi Chu'an), (1033–1107)^[1][2][4]
• Nikolai Chernyshevsky, (1828–1889)^[2][4]
• Chia Yi (or Jia Yi or Chia I), (201-169 BC)^[1][4]
• Chiao Hung, (1540–1620)^[1]
• Boris Chicherin, (1828–1904)^[2]
• Ch'ien Mu, (1895–1990)^[1]
• Chih Tun (or Zhi Dun) (314-366)^[4]
• William Chillingworth, (1602–1644)^[4]
• Roderick Chisholm, (1916–1999)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Noam Chomsky, (born 1928)^[1][2][3][4]
• Tasan Chông Yagyong, (1762–1836)^[4]
• Chou Tun-Yi (or Zhou Dunyi or Chou Lien-Hsi or Zhou Lianxi), (1017–1073)^[1][4]
• Christine de Pizan, (c. 1365-c. 1430)^[4]
• Chrysippus, (279-207 BC)^[3][2][4]
• Thomas Chubb, (1679–1747)^[2]
• Alonzo Church, (1903–1995)^[1][2][3][4]
• Patricia Churchland, (born 1943)^[1]
• Paul Churchland, (born 1942)^[1][3]
• Leon Chwistek, (1884–1944)^[2]
• Cicero, (106 BC-43 BC)^[1][2][3][4]
• August Cieszkowski, (1814–1894)^[4]
• Hélène Cixous, (born 1937)^[2][4]
• Clarembald of Arras, (1110–1187)^[4]
• Samuel Clarke, (1675–1729)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Johannes Clauberg, (1622–1665)^[2][4]
• Cleanthes, (301-232 BC)^[2][4]
• Clement of Alexandria, (2nd-3rd century)^[1][2][4]
• Cleomedes, (2nd century)^[4]
• William Kingdon Clifford, (1845–1879)^[1][2][3]
• Catherine Trotter Cockburn, (1679–1749)^[1][2][4][5]
• Lorraine Code, (born 1937)^[2]
• G.A. Cohen, (born 1941)^[3]
• Hermann Cohen, (1842–1918)^[1][2][3][4]
• L. Jonathan Cohen, (born 1923)^[3]
• Morris Raphael Cohen, (1880–1947)^[2]
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge, (1772–1834)^[2][3][4]
• John Colet, (1466–1519)^[2]
• Lucio Colletti, (1924–2001)^[3]
• Arthur Collier, (1680–1732)^[1][2][4]
• R. G. Collingwood, (1889–1943)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Anthony Collins, (1676–1729)^[2][3][4][5]
• John Comenius, (1592–1670)^[2][3][4]
• Auguste Comte, (1798–1857)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, (1715–1780)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Marquis de Condorcet, (1743–1794)^[1][2][4]
• Confucius, (551 BC - 479 BC)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Benjamin Constant, (1767–1830)^[1][3][4]
• Lady Anne Finch Conway, (1631–1679)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Nicolaus Copernicus, (1473–1543)^[2][3][4][5]
• Henry Corbin, (1903–1978)^[2]
• Geraud de Cordemoy, (1626–1684)^[1][2][4][5]
• Moses ben Jacob Cordovero, (1522–1570)^[2]
• Uriel da Costa, (1585–1640)^[2]
• Antoine Augustin Cournot, (1801–1877)^[1][2][4]
• Victor Cousin, (1792–1867)^[1][2][4]
• Louis Couturat, (1868–1914)^[1][2][3]
• William Crathorn, (14th century)^[4][5]
• Cratylus, (c. 400 BC)^[2][3][4]
• James Edwin Creighton, (1861–1924)^[2]
• Hasdai Crescas, (c. 1340-1410)^[1][2][3][4]
• Benedetto Croce, (1866–1952)^[1][2][3][4]
• Christian August Crusius, (1715–1775)^[1][2][4]
• Ralph Cudworth, (1617–1688)^[2][3][4]
• Nathaniel Culverwel, (1619–1651)^[2][4]
• Richard Cumberland, (1631?-1718)^[1][2][4]
• Cyrano de Bergerac, (1619–1655)^[2]
• Heinrich Czolbe, (1819–1873)^[1]

Notes