List of philosophers (I–Q)

Philosophers (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically:

Note: This list has a minimal criteria for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed.

I

• Iamblichus, (ca. 245 AD-ca. 325)^[b][e]
• Yahya ibn Adi, (893-974)^[e]
• Ibn Arabi, (1164–1240)^[b][e][f]
• Ibn ar-Rawandi, (c. 910)^[e]
• Ibn Bajjah (or Avempace), (died 1138)^[a][b][e]
• Ibn Daud (or Rabad I or Avendauth, or John of Spain), (1110–1180)^[a][e][f]
• Abraham ibn Ezra, (1092/3-1167)^[e][f]
• Moses ibn Ezra, (1070–1138)^[e]
• Ibn Falaquera, (1223–1290)^[e][f]
• Solomon Ibn Gabirol, (1021–1058)^[a][b][d][e]
• Ibn Hazm, (994-1069)^[e]
• Ibn Kammuna, (1215–1284)^[e][f]
• Ibn Khaldun, (1332–1406)^[a][b][d][e]
• Ibn Masarra, (883-931)^[e]
• Ibn Miskawayh, (940-1030)^[a][e]
• Bahya ibn Paquda, (1040–1110)^[b][e]
• Ibn Sabin, (1217–1268)^[e]
• Ibn Taymiya, (1263–1328)^[e]
• Samuel ibn Tibbon, (c. 1165-1232)^[f]
• Ibn Tufail, (1110–1185)^[a][b][e]
• Joseph ibn Tzaddik, (c. 1149)^[b][e]
• Ivan Aleksandrovich Il'in, (1883–1954)^[a][b][e]
• Evald Vassilievich Ilyenkov, (1924–1979)^[e]
• Immanuel the Roman (c. 1270-c. 1330)^[e]
• Roman Ingarden, (1893–1970)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• William Ralph Inge, (1860–1954)^[b][e]
• José Ingenieros, (1877–1925)^[b]
• Nae Ionescu, (1890–1940)^[b]
• Muhammad Iqbal, (1877–1938)^[b][d][e]
• Luce Irigaray, (born 1930)^[a][b][d][e]
• Terence Irwin, (born 1947)^[d]
• Isocrates, (436-338 BC)^[a]
• Isaac of Stella, (1105–1177)^[b][e]
• Isaac Israeli, (c. 850-950)^[b][e][f]
• Ito Jinsai, (1627–1705)^[b][e]
• Vyacheslav Ivanovich Ivanov, (1866–1949)^[b]

J

• Frank Jackson, (born 1943)^[d]
• Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, (1743–1819)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• James of Viterbo, (1255–1308)^[e]
• Henry James Sr., (1811–1882)^[b]
• William James, (1842–1910)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Vladimir Jankélévitch, (1903–1985)^[b]
• Karl Jaspers, (1883–1969)^{[a][b][c][d][e][f]}
• James Hopwood Jeans, (1877–1946)^[b]
• Thomas Jefferson, (1743–1826)^[b][d][e]
• Richard C. Jeffrey, (1926–2002)^[d]
• William Stanley Jevons, (1835–1882)^[a][b][d][f]
• Rudolf von Jhering, (1818–1892)^[e]
• Jinul (or Chinul), (1158–1210)^[b][e]
• Joachim of Fiore, (1135–1201)^[a][b][e]
• Friedrich Jodl, (1849–1914)^[b]
• John of Damascus, (c. 676-749)^[a][b][e]
• John of Jandun, (1280–1328)^[b][e]
• John of La Rochelle, (1190–1245)^[b][e]
• John of Mirecourt, (c. 1345)^[b][e]
• John of Paris, (1260–1306)^[b][e]
• John of Salisbury, (c. 1115-1180)^[a][b][e][f]
• John of St. Thomas (or Jean Poinsot), (1589–1644)^[a][b][e]
• John of the Cross, (1542–1591)^[b]
• Alexander Bryan Johnson, (1786–1867)^[b][e]
• Samuel Johnson, (1649–1703)^[e]
• Samuel Johnson, (1696–1772)^[b]
• Samuel Johnson, (1709–1784)^[b][d][e]
• William Ernest Johnson, (1858–1931)^[a][d]
• Jørgen Jørgensen, (1894–1969)^[d]
• Théodore Simon Jouffroy, (1796–1842)^[b]
• Judah ben Moses of Rome (orJudah Romano), (1292–1330)^[e]
• Carl Jung, (1875–1961)^[a][b][d][e]
• Ernst Jünger, (1895–1998)^[b]
• Joachim Jungius, (1587–1657)^[b][e]
• Justinian I, (483-565)^[e]
• Al-Juwayni, (1028–1085)^[e]

K

• Franz Kafka (1883–1924)^[b]
• Kaibara Ekiken (1630–1740)^[b][e]
• Kang Youwei (1858–1927)^[a]
• Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)^[a][b][d][e]
• Kao Tzu (c. 420 BC)^[a]
• David Kaplan (born 1933)^[b][d]
• Mordecai Kaplan, (1881–1983)^[e]
• Nikolai Ivanovich Kareev (1850–1931)^[b]
• Lev Platonovich Karsavin (1882–1952)^[b]
• Joseph Kaspi (1279–1340) ^[f]
• Suzy Kassem (born 1975) ^[f]
• Walter Kaufmann (1921–1980)^[b]
• Karl Kautsky (1854–1938)^[b][d][e]
• Khedrup Gelek Pelzang (1385–1438)^[e]
• Konstantin Kavelin (1818–1885)^[b]
• Bartholomew Keckermann (1571–1609)^[e]
• Hans Kelsen (1881–1973)^[b][d][e]
• Norman Kemp Smith (1872–1958)^[e]
• Anthony Kenny (born 1931)^[d]
• Johannes Kepler (1571–1630)^[a][b][e]
• John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946)^[a][b][d][e]
• Hermann Graf Keyserling (1880–1946)^[b]
• Aleksey Khomyakov (1804–1860)^[b]
• Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Richard Kilvington (1302–1361)^[a][b][e][f]
• Robert Kilwardby (1215–1279)^[a][b][e]
• Jaegwon Kim (born 1934)^[a][b][d]
• Al-Kindi, (801-873)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929–1968)^[b]
• Ivan Kireevsky (1806–1856)^[b]
• Patricia Kitcher (born 1948)^[b]
• Ludwig Klages (1872–1956)^[b]
• Heinrich von Kleist (1777–1811)^[a][b]
• William Calvert Kneale (1906–1990)^[d]
• Martin Knutzen (1713–1751)^[b][e]
• Ko Hung (4th century)^[a]
• Kurt Koffka, (1886–1941)^[b]
• Wolfgang Köhler (1887–1967)^[a][b]
• Alexandre Kojève (1902–1968)^[e]
• Alejandro Korn (1860–1936)^[b][d]
• Tadeusz Kotarbiński (1886–1981)^[a][b][d][e]
• Alexandre Koyre (1892–1964)^[e]
• Aleksei Aleksandrovich Kozlov (1831–1901)^[b]
• Karl Kraus (1874–1936)^[d]
• Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (1781–1832)^[a][b][e]
• ]d[
• Saul Kripke (born 1940)^[a][b][d][e]
• Julia Kristeva (born 1941)^[a][b][d][e]
• Nachman Krochmal (1785–1840)^[e]
• Leopold Kronecker (1823–1891)^[e]
• Peter Kropotkin (1842–1921)^[a][b][d][e]
• Felix Krueger (1874–1948)^[b]
• Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1922–1996)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Kūkai (774-835)^[d][e][f]
• Kuki Shūzō (1888–1941)^[e]
• Oswald Külpe (1862–1915)^[b]
• Kumazawa Banzan (1619–1691)^[b][e]
• Kuo Hsiang (or Guoxiang) (c. 312)^[a]

L

• Ernst Laas, (1837–1885)^[b]
• Lucien Laberthonnière, (1860–1932)^[b]
• Antonio Labriola, (1843–1904)^[a][b][e]
• Jean de La Bruyère, (1645–1696)^[b]
• Jacques Lacan, (1901–1981)^[a][b][d][e]
• Jules Lachelier, (1832–1918)^[b][e]
• Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, (born 1940)^[e]
• Pierre Laffitte, (1823–1903)^[a]
• ^[e]]a[
• Imre Lakatos, (1922–1974)^[b][d][e]
• André Lalande, (1867–1964)^[b]
• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, (1744–1829)^[b][d]
• Johann Heinrich Lambert, (1728–1777)^[a][b][e]
• Hughes Felicité Robert de Lamennais, (1752–1854)^[b]
• Julien Offray de La Mettrie, (1709–1751)^[a][b][d][e]
• François de La Mothe Le Vayer, (1588–1672)^[b]
• Ludwig Landgrebe, (1902–1992)^[b]
• Friedrich Albert Lange, (1828–1875)^[a][b][e][f]
• Susanne Langer, (1895–1985)^[b][d][e]
• Lao Zi (or Lao Tzu), (4th century BC)^[a][b][d][f]
• Isaac La Peyrère, (1596–1676)^[a][b]
• Pierre-Simon Laplace, (1749–1827)^[a][b][d]
• Ivan Ivanovich Lapshin, (1870–1952)^[b]
• François de La Rochefoucauld, (1613–1680)^[b]
• Pierre Laromiguière, (1756–1837)^[b]
• Abdullah Laroui, (born 1935)^[b]
• Ferdinand Lassalle, (1825–1864)^[b][e]
• Johann Kaspar Lavater, (1741–1801)^[b]
• Louis Lavelle, (1883–1951)^[b]
• Antoine Lavoisier, (1743–1794)^[b]
• Peter Lavrovitch Lavrov, (1823–1900)^[b][e]
• William Law, (1686–1761)^[b][e]
• Jean Le Clerc, (1657–1737)^[b][e]
• Michèle Le Dœuff, (born 1948)^[d][e]
• Henri Lefebvre, (1901–1991)^[e]
• Antoine Le Grand, (1629–1699)^[e][f]
• Keith Lehrer, (born 1936)^[b][d]
• Gottfried Leibniz, (1646–1716)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Yeshayahu Leibowitz, (1903–1994)^[e]
• Vladimir Lenin, (1870–1924)^[a][b][d][e]
• Leonardo da Vinci, (1452–1519)^[b]
• Konstantin Nikolaevich Leont'ev, (1831–1891)^[b][e]
• Giacomo Leopardi, (1798–1837)^[b]
• Jules Lequier, (1814–1862)^[a][b]
• Pierre Leroux, (1798–1871)^[a]
• Edouard Louis Emmanuel Julien Le Roy, (1870–1954)^[b][e]
• René Le Senne, (1882–1954)^[b]
• Stanisław Leśniewski, (1886–1939)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, (1729–1781)^[a][b][d][e]
• Leucippus, (5th century BC)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Emmanuel Levinas, (1906–1995)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Claude Lévi-Strauss, (born 1908)^[d][e]
• Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, (1857–1939)^[b][d]
• Kurt Lewin, (1890–1947)^[a]
• Clarence Irving Lewis, (1883–1964)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• C. S. Lewis, (1898–1963)^[a][b][e]
• David Kellogg Lewis, (1941–2001)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Li Ao, (722-841)^[a][b]
• Liang Qichao (or Liang Ch'i-ch'ao), (1873–1929)^[a]
• Liang Sou-ming, (1893–1988)^[a]
• ^[e][d]]b[
• Arthur Liebert, (1878–1946)^[b]
• Otto Liebmann, (1840–1912)^[b]
• Liezi (or Lieh Tzu), (c. 440 BC-c. 360 BC)^[a]
• Linji Yixuan (or Lin Chi), (c. 810-867)^[e]
• Carolus Linnaeus, (1707–1778)^[e]
• Theodor Lipps, (1851–1914)^[b]
• Justus Lipsius, (1547–1606)^[b][e][f]
• Émile Littré, (1801–1881)^[b]
• Liu Shaoqi (orLiu Shao-ch'i), (1898–1969)^[a]
• Liu Tsung-chou (or Ch'i-shan), (1578–1645)^[a]
• Genevieve Lloyd, (born 1941)^[b]
• Karl Nickerson Llywelyn, (1893–1962)^[e]
• Ramon Llull, (1235–1315)^[a][b][e]
• John Locke, (1632–1704)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Alfred Loisy, (1857–1940)^[b][e]
• Peter Lombard, (c. 1100-1160)^[a][b][e]
• Bernard Lonergan, (1904–1984)^[e]
• Pseudo-Longinus, (1st century)^[a][b]
• Leo Mikhailovich Lopatin, (1855–1920)^[b]
• Paul Lorenzen, (1915–1995)^[e]
• Aleksei Fedorovich Losev, (1893–1988)^[b][e]
• Nicholas Onufrievich Lossky, (1870–1965)^[b][e]
• Yuri Lotman, (1922–1993)^[b]
• Hermann Lotze, (1817–1881)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Arthur O. Lovejoy, (1873–1962)^[b][d]
• John R. Lucas, (born 1929)^[d]
• Lucian, (c. 120-c. 180)^[b][e]
• Lucretius, (c. 99-55 BC)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Lu Jiuyuan (or Lu Xiangshan, or Lu Chiu-yuan, or Tzu-ching, or Ts'un-chai), (1139–1193)^[a][b][e]
• ^[e][d][b]]a[
• Jan Łukasiewicz, (1878–1956)^[a][b][d][e]
• Anatoliy Lunacharskiy, (1875–1933)^[b]
• Martin Luther, (1483–1546)^[a][b][d][e]
• Rosa Luxemburg, (1871–1919)^[e]
• William Lycan, (born 1945)^[d]
• Jean-François Lyotard, (1924–1998)^[a][b][d][e]

M

• Ernst Mach, (1838–1916)^[a][b][d][e]
• Niccolò Machiavelli, (1469–1527)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Alasdair MacIntyre, (born 1929)^[a][b][d][e]
• John Leslie Mackie, (1917–1981)^[b][d]
• Madhava, (died 1386)^[e]
• Shri Madhvacharya, (1238–1317)^[a][d][e]
• Mahavira, (599-527 BC)^[a][e]
• Benoît de Maillet, (1656–1738)^[b]
• Salomon Maimon (or Salomon ben Joshua), (1753–1800)^[a][b][e][f]
• Abraham ben Moses Maimonides (or Abraham ben Maimon), (1186–1237)^[e]
• Maimonides (or Rambam), (1135–1204)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Maine de Biran, (1766–1824)^[b][d][e]
• John Major (or John Mair), (1467–1550)^[b][d][e]
• Norman Malcolm, (1911–1990)^[a][b][d]
• Nicolas Malebranche, (1638–1715)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Ernst Mally, (1879–1944)^[f]
• André Malraux, (1901–1976)^[b]
• Thomas Malthus, (1766–1834)^[b]
• Merab Mamardashvili, (1930–1990)^[b][e]
• Bernard de Mandeville, (1670–1733)^[b][e]
• Mani, (3rd century)^[b]
• Karl Mannheim, (1893–1947)^[a][b][d]
• Henry Longueville Mansel, (1820–1871)^[a][b]
• Mao Zedong (or Mao Tse-tung), (1893–1976)^[a]
• Gabriel Marcel, (1887–1973)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Marcion, (110-160)^[b]
• Ruth Barcan Marcus, (1921–2012)^[a][b][d]
• Herbert Marcuse, (born 1898-1979)^[a][d][e]
• Joseph Maréchal, (1878–1944)^[b]
• Juan de Mariana, (1536–1624)^[a][b]
• Julián Marías, (1914–2005)^[b]
• Jacques Maritain, (1882–1973)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Gaius Marius Victorinus, (4th century)^[e]
• Svetozar Marković, (1846–1875)^[b]
• Odo Marquard, (born 1928)
• Marsilius of Inghen, (1330–1396)^[a][b][e][f]
• Marsilius of Padua (or Marsiglio or Marsilio dei Mainardine), (1270–1342)^[a][b][d][e]
• Roger Marston, (1235–1303)^[b][e]
• Charles B. Martin, (born 1924)^[d]
• Harriet Martineau, (1802–1876)^[e]
• James Martineau, (1805–1900)^[a][b][d]
• Piero Martinetti, (1872–1943)^[b]
• Anton Marty, (1847–1914)^[b][f]
• Marko Marulić, (1450–1524)^[b]
• Karl Marx, (1818–1883)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Tomáš Masaryk, (1850–1937)^[b][d][e]
• Damaris Cudworth Masham, (1659–1708)^[a][e][f]
• Cotton Mather, (1663–1728)^[b]
• Matthew of Aquasparta, (1238–1302)^[b][e]
• Pierre Louis Maupertuis, (1698–1759)^[b]
• Fritz Mauthner, (1849–1923)^[e]
• James Clerk Maxwell, (1831–1879)^[a][b][e]
• James McCosh, (1811–1894)^[a][b]
• William McDougall, (1871–1938)^[a][b]
• John McDowell, (born 1942)^[b][d]
• Evander Bradley McGilvary, (1864–1953)^[b]
• Colin McGinn, (born 1950)^[d]
• John Ellis McTaggart, (1866–1925)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• ^[f][e][d][b]]a[
• Bartolomé de Medina, (1527–1580)^[a]
• ]b[
• Friedrich Meinecke, (1862–1954)^[b][e]
• Alexius Meinong, (1853–1920)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Philipp Melanchthon, (1497–1560)^[b][e]
• Melissus of Samos, (late 5th century BC)^[a][b][d][e]
• D. Hugh Mellor, (born 1938)^[d]
• Menasseh Ben Israel, (1604–1657)^[b]
• Mencius (or Meng K'o or Meng-tzu or Mengzi), (372-289 BC)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Gregor Mendel, (1822–1884)^[a]
• Moses Mendelssohn, (1729–1786)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Désiré-Joseph Mercier, (1851–1926)^[a][b]
• Maurice Merleau-Ponty, (1908–1961)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Marin Mersenne, (1588–1648)^[a][b][e]
• Jean Meslier, (1664–1729)^[b]
• Judah Messer Leon, (c. 1425-c. 1495)^[e]
• Emile Meyerson, (1859–1933)^[b][d][e]
• Conyers Middleton, (1683–1750)^[b]
• Nikolai Konstantinovich Mikhailovskii, (1842–1904)^[b][e]
• Miki Kiyoshi, (1897–1945)^[b][e]
• Mikyo Dorje (or Mi bskyod rdo rje), (1507–1554)^[e]
• Gaston Milhaud, (1858–1918)^[b]
• James Mill, (1773–1836)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• John Stuart Mill, (1806–1873)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• John Millar, (1735–1801)^[e]
• Dickinson Miller, (1868–1963)^[b]
• Ruth Millikan, (born 1933)^[b][d]
• John Milton, (1608–1674)^[b]
• Minagawa Kien, (1734–1807)^[b]
• Mir Damad (or Mir Mohammad Baqer Esterabadi), (died 1631)^[e]
• Miura Baien, (1723–1789)^[b]
• Jacob Moleschott, (1822–1893)^[b]
• Luis de Molina, (1535–1600)^[a][b][d][e]
• Enrique Molina Garmendia, (1871–1962)^[b]
• Stefan Molyneux, (1966–Present)
• Lord Monboddo (or James Burnett), (1714–1799)^[e]
• Richard Montague, (1930–1971)^[b][e]
• William Pepperell Montague, (1873–1953)^[b]
• Michel de Montaigne, (1533–1592)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755)^[a][b][e][f]
• Edmund Montgomery, (1835–1911)^[b]
• G. E. Moore, (1873–1958)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Henry More, (1614–1687)^[a][b][e][f]
• Thomas More, (1478–1535)^[a][b]
• ]b[
• ]b[
• ]b[
• Karl Philipp Moritz, (1756–1793)^[b]
• Gaetano Mosca, (1858–1941)^[a][b]
• Motoori Norinaga, (1730–1801)^[e]
• Emmanuel Mounier, (1905–1950)^[b]
• Mou Tsung-san, (1909–1995)^[a]
• Mozi (or Mo Tzu, or Mo Ti, or Micius), (c. 470-c. 390 BC)^[a][b][e]
• David Ibn Merwan Al-Mukammas (or Daud Ibn Marwan al-Muqammas or David ha-Bavli), (died 937)^[b][e]
• Mulla Sadra, (1571–1640)^[b][d][e][f]
• Iris Murdoch, (1919–1999)^[b][d]
• Muro Kyuso, (1658–1734)^[b]
• Arthur Edward Murphy, (1901–1962)^[b]
• Musonius Rufus, (1st century)^[b][e]

N

• Arne Næss, (born 1912)^[d][e]
• Nagarjuna, (ca. 200 CE)^[a][b][d][e]
• Ernest Nagel, (1901–1985)^[a][b][d][e]
• Thomas Nagel, (born 1937)^[a][b][d][e]
• Nahmanides, (1194–1270)^[e]
• Jacques-André Naigeon, (1738–1810)^[b]
• Toju Nakae, (1608–1648)^[b]
• Jean-Luc Nancy, (born 1940)^[e]
• Hossein Nasr, (born 1933)^[b]
• Paul Gerhard Natorp, (1854–1924)^[b][f]
• Alexander Neckham, (1157–1217)^[e]
• Leonard Nelson, (1882–1927)^[b]
• Nemesius of Emesa, (fl. c. 400)^[a][b][e]
• John von Neumann, (1903–1957)^[a][b][d][e]
• Otto Neurath, (1882–1945)^[b][d][e]
• John Henry Newman, (1801–1890)^[a][b][e]
• Isaac Newton, (1642–1727)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Nichiren, (1222–1282)^[e]
• Nicholas of Autrecourt, (c. 1300-1369)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Nicholas of Cusa, (1401–1464)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Christoph Friedrich Nicolai, (1733–1811)^[b]
• Pierre Nicole, (1625–1695)^[b]
• H. Richard Niebuhr, (1894–1962)^[e]
• Reinhold Niebuhr, (1892–1971)^[b][e]
• Friedrich Nietzsche, (1844–1900)^{[a][b][d][e][f]}
• Agostino Nifo, (1470–1538)^[e]
• Nishi Amane, (1829–1897)^[b][e]
• Nishida Kitaro, (1870–1945)^[b][d][e][f]
• Nishitani Keiji, (1900–1990)^[d][e]
• Kwame Nkrumah, (1909–1972)^[d]
• [[John Norris