Totozoquean languages

Totozoquean
Geographic distribution:	Mexico
Linguistic classification:	independent language family (part of the Mesoamerican Linguistic Area)
Subdivisions:	Totonac–Tepehua Mixe–Zoque
Glottolog:	None

Totozoquean (Toto-Zoquean) is a proposed language family of Mesoamerica, consisting of two well-established genetic groupings, Totonacan and Mixe–Zoque.

Correspondences

Comparative proto-Totozoquean reconstructions are proposed in Brown et al. (2011) for simple consonants and vowels. The consonant-inventory for proto-Totozoquean is similar to that reconstructed for proto-Totonacan (Arana Osnaya 1953), and the vowels are not unlike those proposed for proto-Mixe–Zoquean (Wichmann 1995). A parallel set of laryngealized but otherwise identical proto-Totozoquean vowels is reconstructed for proto-Totozoquean to account for the distribution of laryngealized vowels in the Totonac branch of the Totonacan family, though these left no known trace in proto-Mixe–Zoquean (Wichmann 1995) and there may be a more economical explanation. Vowel length is likewise an independent parameter reconstructed for proto-Totozoquean that does not seem to affect the correspondences, but in this case it is a feature inherited by both families.

Vowels

Proto-Totozoquean (pTZ) is reconstructed with seven vowel qualities, all of which occur with long, laryngealized, and long laryngealized homologues. These reduce to a three-vowel system in proto-Totonacan (pT); length and laryngealization is retained. Proto-Mixe–Zoque (pMZ) loses laryngealization and neutralizes **ɨ~ə and **ɔ~o.

pTZ	pT	pMZ
**i	*i	*i
**e		*e
**ɨ		*ə
**ə	*a	*ə
**a		*a
**ɔ		*o
**o	*u	*o
**u	*u	*u

Consonants

Of the three consonants which do not appear in either daughter, **ty and **ny are poorly attested, whereas **ky is robust. Proto-Mixe–Zoque loses the laterals and gutturals, and neutralizes the alveolar–palato-alveolar distinction. Proto-Totonocan loses glottal stop and **y.

pTZ	pT	pMZ
**n	*n	*n
**ny	*l	*n
**l	*l	*y
**ɬ	*ɬ
**ƛ	*ƛ
**y	*t
**t	*t	*t
**ty	*č	*t
**č	*č	*¢
**¢	*¢	*¢
**š	*š	*s
**s	*s	*s

pTZ	pT	pMZ
**p	*p	*p
**m	*m	*m
**w	*w	*w
**ky	*k	*k
**k	*q	*k
**q	*q	*ʔ
**ʔ	*∅	*ʔ
**h	*∅	*h
**#h	*h
**x	*x

References

Arana Osnaya, E. 1953. Reconstrucción del protototonaco: Huastecos, totonacos y sus vecinos, ed. Ignacio Bernal. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos 23:123–30.

Brown, Cecil H., David Beck, Grzegorz Kondrak, James K. Watters, and Søren Wichmann (2011). Totozoquean. International Journal of American Linguistics 77, 323–372.

Brown, Cecil H., David Beck, Grzegorz Kondrak, James K. Watters, and Søren Wichmann (2011) "Linking proto-Totonacan and proto-Mixe–Zoquean"[1]

Søren Wichmann (1995). The Relationship among the Mixe-Zoquean Languages of Mexico. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.

Mixe–Zoque languages

Mixe

Oaxaca Mixe	Coatlán Mixe Isthmus Mixe Totontepec Mixe Tlahuitoltepec Mixe Juquila Mixe Mazatlán Mixe North Central Mixe Quetzaltepec Mixe

Gulf Mixe	Sayula Popoluca Oluta Popoluca

Chiapas Mixe	Tapachultec†

Zoque

Oaxaca Zoque	Chimalapa Zoque

Chiapas Zoque	Copainalá Zoque Rayón Zoque Francisco León Zoque

Gulf Zoque	Highland Popoluca Texistepec Popoluca Tabasco Zoque

† – Extinct.

Language families of Mesoamerica

Demonstrated families	Chibchan Jicaquean Lencan Mayan Misumalpan Oto-Manguean Tequistlatecan Totozoquean (Mixe–Zoque, Totonacan) Uto-Aztecan Xincan

Isolates	Cuitlatec Huave P'urhépecha (Alagüilac?)

Proposed macrofamilies	Hokan Macro-Mayan Macro-Chibchan Penutian Tolatecan

Linguistic areas	Mesoamerican Linguistic Area

List of primary language families

Africa

Isolates	Bangime Hadza Sandawe

Europe and Asia

Isolates	Basque Burushaski Elamite Hattic Korean Kusunda Nihali Nivkh Sumerian Hruso? Miju? Puroik?

Sign languages	British French German Japanese Swedish Chinese Indo-Pakistani Arab Other sign languages

New Guinea
and the Pacific

Isolates	Abinomn Busa Kaure Kol Kuot Porome Pyu Taiap Yalë Abun? Amberbaken? Dem? Hattam? Isirawa? Lepki? Kapori? Kosare? Massep? Murkim? Pawaia? Sulka? Waia?

Australia

Isolates	Giimbiyu Marrgu Tiwi Wagiman

North America

Isolates	Chimariko Haida Karuk Kutenai Siuslaw Takelma Timucua Waikuri Washo Yana Yuchi Zuni

Mesoamerica

Isolates	Cuitlatec Huave Seri Tarascan/Purépecha

South America

Isolates (extant in 2000)	Aikanã? Andoque? Camsá Candoshi Chimane Chiquitano Cofán? Fulniô Guató Hodï/Joti Irantxe? Itonama Karajá Kawésqar Krenak Leco Maku of Roraima Movima Mura-Pirahã Nukak? Ofayé Puinave Rikbaktsa Huaorani Trumai Urarina Warao Yamana Yuracaré

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Totozoquean languages